8/29/2023 0 Comments Cobalt ultramarine![]() The earliest Chinese cobalt glazes date from the T’ang period (618-907 c.e. The Chinese were coloring blue glass with cobalt under the Chou dynasty (1122-221 b.c.e. 4-11), as well as in late Parthian beads from northern Persia (Oda, p. 158-61), from the Aegean area at about the same date, and from Roman Pompeii and Syria (Sayre, pp. (early Eighteenth Dynasty Farnsworth and Ritchie, pp. Cobalt has also been identified in blue glass from Egypt of the late 16th century b.c.e. from the site of Eridu, in southern Mesopotamia (Garner, 1956, pp. The earliest known object containing cobalt is a blue glass lump dated to about 2000 b.c.e. 47), but again such uses already had a long history in Asia. The first recorded European production of cobalt compounds for coloring ceramic glazes was in 15th-century Saxony (Mühlethaler and Thissen, p. Various cobalt compounds were used for this purpose, among them cobalt oxide (Ger. Blue glass and blue ceramic glazes colored with cobalt have also been identified from a wide geographical area. Cobalt blue and smalt have not so far been reported among pigments used in Persian manuscript illustrations or wall paintings (FitzHugh, 1988).Ĭobalt in glass and ceramics. ![]() Japanese artists used it in paintings on paper and silk as early as the 16th century (FitzHugh, 1979, pp. 108), and 14th-century murals in a Byzantine church (Kariye Cami) in Istanbul (Gettens and Stout, 1958, p. 47-49): 11th-13th-century wall paintings from the Central Asian site of Kara Khoto, a Chinese wall painting of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644 Gettens and Stout, 1966, p. It was used by European artists as early as the 15th century but has been identified in earlier paintings from Asia (Mühlethaler and Thissen, pp. It is a powdered potassium glass, moderately to coarsely ground and tinted blue with a small amount of cobalt. Smalt is an artificial blue pigment with a history closely related to that of blue glass and glazes. 108) but has been identified on painted pottery from Egypt of the 14th century b.c.e. In addition, there is a modern pigment known as “cobalt blue,” cobalt aluminate, which was first manufactured in Europe in 1802 (Gettens and Stout, 1966, p. ![]() The term “cobalt blue” is usually used in English to describe a deep blue color when the actual source is unknown. The term lājavard actually refers to lapis lazuli (e.g., lājavard-e aṣl “genuine lapis lazuli,” lājavard-e badaḵšī “lapis lazuli from Badaḵšān”) but was applied to cobalt ores and smalt (see below) because their blue color is close to that of lapis lazuli lājavard-e farangī (“European blue”) refers specifically to smalt.Ĭobalt as a pigment. ![]() COBALT ( sang-e lājavard “blue stone,” also applied to lapis lazuli and ultramarine lājavard-e kāšī “ceramic blue” lājavard-e solaymānī “Solaymān blue”), a chemical element that imparts a blue color to glass and glazes and to certain pigments. ![]()
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